Chapter-6 India – My Motherland

Q1.What is the area and size of India in respect to the world?

A1.1. India is a vast country with an area of 3.28 million square kilometres.

2.India ranks seventh after Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil and Australia. (It is the seventh largest country after Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil and Australia.)

Q2. Which countries form Indian sub-continent? Why is it called so?

A2. 1. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Bhutan together form a distinct geographical unit popularly known as the Indian sub-continent.

2. It is called so as it has a very distinctive culture of its own as it is separated from the rest of Asia by a long chain of lofty mountains in the north.

3. India has remarkable cultural diversity where people follow different languages, religions and traditions etc.

Q3. What is the latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India?

A3. 1. Its main land extends between 8 4’ N and 37 6’N latitude.

2. The longitudinal extend of India is between 68 7’ E and 97 2’ E.

Q4. Name the three major rivers which form the Great Northern Plains of India.

A4. The Ganga, the Brahmaputra  and the Sutlej.

Q5. Name the newly formed 29^th state of India. When was it formed?

A5. Telangana is the 29^th and the youngest state of India. It was formed on June 2, 2014.

E1. State any four main features of the Himalayan Mountains.

Ans. 1.The Himalayan Mountains are seen along the border of India from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh.

2. Himalayas means the ‘Abode of Snow’.

3. The northernmost range of the Himalayas is called the Great Himalayas or Himadri.

4. Second range of the Himalayas is the Middle Himalaya or Himachal range.

5. The Southernmost range is the Shivalik range.

E2. Where is Sunderban delta? How does it look? Describe its main features.

Ans. 1. Ganga and Brahmaputraa rivers form a great delta- the Sunderbans.

2. It is the biggest in the world, before falling into the Bay of Bengal.

3. This delta has a triangular shape.

4. It is a low-lying area where the major rivers are split into several channels.

5. This delta region near the sea is called Sunderbans.

E3. Describe the Peninsula plateau of India.

Ans.1. Towards south from the Great Plains, there is a triangular landmass known as the Great Peninsular Plateau.

2. Its northern part is known as the Central Highlands.

3. The southern part of the plateau is called the Deccan Plateau.

4. It is triangular in shape.

5. The entire plateau region is rich in minerals.

E4. How do the Eastern coastal plains differ from the Western coastal plains?

Ans.    Eastern Coastal Plains                               Western Coastal Plains

    1.    It lies to the east of India.                            1. It lies to the west of India.

    2.    It runs along the Bay of Bengal.                  2. It runs along the Arabian Sea.

    3 .    It is broader than Western                          3. It is narrow, uneven and rocky.                            Coastal Plains.

    4.    The rivers- Mahanadi, Godavari,                4. Small rivers rising from the                                   Krishna and Kaveri form deltas                    Western Ghats flow swiftly into                               at their mouths before falling into                Arabian Sea.                                       

    Bay of Bengal.

E5. Differentiate between Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands                             Lakshadweep Islands

         1.    It lies to the east of India.                             1. It lies to the west of India.

2. These are a group of 572 Islands.               2. These are 36 islands.

      3. They are large in size.                                 3. They are smaller in size.

      4. These islands lie on the Bay of Bengal.      4. These islands lie in Arabian Sea.

      5. They are uppermost part of submerged      5. They had been formed by Coral Polyps.

           hills.

Class 7   Chapter-21 Advertising and Democracy

D:  Answer the following questions in brief:

Q1    What does advertising mean?

Ans. Advertising is a powerful medium. It persuades the customer to purchase a particular product or service by describing its good points. It is a method of mass promotion in which a single message can reach a large number of people.

Q2    Who is a consumer?

Ans.  A consumer is a person who buys by paying the price for some goods or services (insurance, transport, electricity, etc.). 

Q3    What is meant by consumerism?

Ans.1. Consumerism is all about protection of the interest of the consumers. 

2.   It is a social movement seeking to protect the right of consumers in relation to the producers of goods and providers of services. 

3.   Consumerism is a collective consciousness on the part of consumers, businesses, government and society to enhance the consumer’s satisfaction and social welfare, that in turn will benefit all of us.

 Q4   Write the full form of BIS. Mention its function.

Ans.  Bureau of Indian Standards. BIS lays down standards for industrial and consumer goods.

Q5 State any three positive effects of advertising.

Ans.

1. Advertising, through TV programmes and newspapers, enables us to afford “luxuries” because without advertising, they would be very expensive.

2. Advertising has become a market of its own and it offers a large number of jobs along with providing information to people.

3. Advertising plays an important role in making us aware of our responsibility towards the society.

E: Answer the following questions:

Q1    Describe the relationship between advertising and democracy.

Ans.

          1. Social and public service advertisement strengthen the democracy of a country.

         

2. In a democratic set-up, every individual manufacture can advertise his product which is only possible by spending huge money.

         

3. Brands can create discrimination in the society which is undemocratic and create inequality among the masses.

         

4. Advertising creates gender discrimination and hence, is against the basic principals of democracy.

         

5. Advertising sometimes creates distance the rich and the poor. It is against democracy where everyone should enjoy equality irrespective of his or her social or economic status.

Q2    How does advertising create discrimination in the society?

Ans.

 1.  Small businesses do not have the money to spend on advertising. But they have to compete against highly advertised items that make the people believe that branded and packed goods are better. Thus, brands can create discrimination in the society which is undemocratic and create inequality among the masses.

         

2. Advertising engrains stereotype attitudes. Some advertisements show a family sitting on the table and woman cooking the food. The men are invariably shown buying computers or cars. The type of advertisements creates gender discrimination and hence, is against the basic principles of democracy.

         

3.  Many people cannot afford branded items. They feel that they are failing in their duty by not providing a particular brand of flour for their growing children. This creates distance between the rich and the poor.

Q3    What does social advertising mean? Give examples to illustrate the benefits of social advertising.

Ans.  Social or public service advertising means applying marketing and advertising principles to promote health and social issues.

Benefits of social advertising

         

1. It aims to change attitude and behavior of the public and bring about positive changes in the society like advertising campaigns for Polio drops, ORS, etc.

         

2. Social advertising has benefitted many public awareness programmes like importance of mother’s milk for the baby, method of making baby food at home with pulses and grains, need for hygiene etc

         

3. The Indian government has successfully protected the public interest by banning the advertising of tobacco and alcohol on radio, television and newspapers.

Q4    List the main features of consumerism.

Ans.

1. A consumer must be aware of his/her rights and should protect his/her rights.

         

2. He/She should raise voice against exploitation.

         

3. He/She should seek redresser of his/her complaints.

         

4. Government laws must protect the interest of the consumer.

         

5. Business houses must adopt a code of conduct for regulating their activities.

Q5 How do advertisements help in creating awareness among the citizens?Support your answer with examples.

Ans.

1. Advertising has played an important role in making us aware of our responsibility towards the society. A documentary film by the ministry of social welfare shows that girls are as capable of achieving success in their chosen fields as the boys are, when given the opportunity. It motivates the people to send their daughter to school and not think of them as a burden.

         

2. Adverstising is capable of reaching out to a large audience. Advertising techniques can be used to create the awareness among the people and motivate them to take necessary precautions. Such advertisements may be related to water conservation, energy conservation, deforestation etc.

3) Advertising is also used by many other organizations to inform the public about their objectives . achievements and projects. They are political parties, interest groups, religious groups and defence services.

Class 7

Chapter-13 DELHI SULTANATE

D. Answer the following questions in brief:

Q.1 Name two literacy gems of Qutubuddin Aibak’s court.

Ans. The two literacy gems of Qutubuddin Aibak’s court were:-

Hasan Azmi and Mubarak Shah

Q.2 When and between whom was the first battle of Panipat fought?

Ans. Babur invades India and met Ibrahim Lodi, in the battle of Panipat in 1526. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi who was killed in this battle.

Q.3 Mention four social evils prevalent in the Hindu society during the Sultanate period?

Ans. The Hindu society suffers from evils like sati system, child marriage, ban on widow remarriage, caste system and female education.

Q.4 Mention four items which are exported from India and imported to India.

Ans. India exported rice, spices, indigo, tea tiles, silk and sandalwood and imported horses, wine, high grade textiles, glassware, raw silk etc...

Q.5 Name two Sultans who kept the Ulemas away from the administration.

Ans. The two Sultans who kept the Ulemas away from the administration were:-

    1.     Ala-ud-din-Khalji

    2.    Muhammad Tughlag

E: Answer the following questions:-

Q.1 Describe the administrative reforms made by Iltutmish to strengthen his hold on Delhi Sultanate.

Ans. Iltutmish made many administrative reforms to strengthen his hold on Delhi sultanate. He organized a group of 40 Turkish nobles known as Chaliha. He divided his empire into many Iqtas for administrative efficiency. He introduced silver coins Tanka and copper coin, Jital.

Q.2 ‘Balban was a strong and capable ruler.’ Support the statement by giving suitable arguments.

Ans. Balban was a strong and capable ruler as:-

•       He supported all opposition and created an atmosphere of obedience and patriotism towards the sultanate.
• .       Balban ended the power of the group of 40 Turkish nobles to consolidate his position.
•        He was a sultan who believed in complete justice. He did not spare any wrong doer whether a common man or a noble.
•        His darbar was very disciplined.
•      He safeguarded his frontiers by constructing many forts and posting his best guards there.

Q.3 Explain briefly the economic reforms of Ala-ud-din Khalji.

Ans. Ala-ud-din is famous for his economic reforms:-

       

        1.   He fixed the maximum retail price of the goods of daily use.

        2.    He also introduced grain storage and rationing system.

                    3.  There were different market places for different commodities.

                    4.  Severe punishment was given to those who weighed less or cheated the         buyers in any way.

              5.   Market controllers were appointed for strict supervision over the traders.

               6.  He also reformed the revenue system. Land revenue was fixed according      to the size of land holding.

Q.4 State the reforms made by Feroz Tughlaq to redress the grievances of the people.

Ans. Feroz Tughlaq made many reforms to redress the grievances that people had against Muhammad Tughlaq.

    

       1. He constructed many canals and Tanks. The old tanks were repaired.

       2.    Land revenue was reduced and markets were opened to sell the surplus          produce.

       3.   New coins of smaller denominations were also introduced.

        4. He opened schools and gave grants to the scholars to promote literacy         activities.

        5.  He helped the poor Muslims.

Q.5 Describe Muhammad Tughals projects which failed.

Ans.

Project-1

He transferred his capital from Delhi to Devgiri, to avoid the fury of attacks of Mangols and to exercise between control on the Deccan. Many people died on the way to Devgiri, which was 950 km away. On the other hand, his absence from the north encouraged frequent attacks from Mangols. After five years, he ordered a retreat and Delhi once again became the capital of the Sultanate.

 Project-2

He imposed land tax in the Deals area at 50 per cent of the produce. The peasants, who had recently suffered due to a wide famine, were stumped by the order. Many farmers gave up cultivation and there land lay barren. This project also ended in an utter failure.

Project-3

The failure of his projects emptied his treasury. He then thought of issuing token currency of copper instead of silver. But due to increased circulation of counterfeit coins, he had to withdraw hi orders and asked the people to exchange their coins with silver coins. This caused heavy loss to the royal treasury.

CHAPTER-20 (MEDIA- THE MAINSTAY OF DEMOCRACY)

Question/Answers

D: Answer the following questions in brief.

Q.1 Define Media.

Ans. Media refers to various means of communication that help in communicating to a large number of people at the same time. Radio, Television, cinema, newspapers, magazines and internet are all means of communication.

Q.2 Why is media called a watchdog of democracy?

1.     Media is like a watchdog in a democracy that keeps the government active and the public involved.

2.     Media also bring out the defects in the governance and administration.

3.     They remind the politicians about their unfulfilled promises and their responsibilities towards their constituency and the nation.

Q.3 In what ways does the cinema affect our views?

1.     Indian has also played an important role in creating awareness about social evils, political malpractices, economic exploitation and the fast changing Indian society and its value system.

2.     Some films impart important messages and have great impact on us.

3.     For example, the film Lage Raho Munna Bhai was exempted from entertainment tax by the government as it taught the lesson of non- violent protest, even though in a ‘filmi’ style.

Q.4 What are the different means of print and electronic media?

Ans. A) The different means of print and electronic media are:-

1.     Newspapers

2.     Magazines

3.     Periodicals

B) The different means of electronic media are:-

1.     Television

2.     Radio

3.     Internet etc.

Q.5 What other basic rights are linked with the Right to Information.

Ans. Right to Information is closely linked with our basic rights, such as Freedom of Speech and Expression and Right to Education.

E: Answer the following questions.

Q.1 How are media and technology dependent on each other.

1.     On one hand, technology has improved the efficiency of media and, on the other, media updates on the advances and technology, weather it is a new form of internet connection or diet pills.

2.     Media uses digital technology to provide improved quality of sound and picture as well as influences our thinking.

3.     The latest technologies help media to reach out to the masses. The impact of technologies can be seen on the bill boards, newspapers, periodicals, CDs, DVDs, television programmes, films, etc.

Q.2 How does media influence our daily life?

1.     In present times, media is the prime source for the public to know about the current affairs, sports and games, progress of wars, political situation in a country, etc. Thus, it has a great impact on the public perception and opinion.

2.     The viewer is exposed to a number of advertisements each highlighting the wonders of its product which helps them to make a wise choice.

3.     Interviews, speeches and panel discussions make viewers aware of the opinions of different political parties, eminent personalities from various fields.

Q.3 Describe the role of media in democracy.

1.     In a democratic country like India, media plays an important role in creating aware and enlightened citizens.

2.     Indian media has been successful in creating public opinion about the bride burning issues, exposing scandals and building the confidence of the people.

3.     It also ensures that the political power, other parties and powerful group do not step beyond their limits.

4.     The information from media helps the citizens to form opinions, learn about the working plans and programmes that the government is undertaking, their successful implementation or failure.

5.     During the elections, they help the people, especially the illiterates, in electing the right persons to power.

Q.4 In what ways does the media bring the problems of the common man to the forefront?

1.     It draws the attention of the public and the government towards issues like scarcity of clean drinking water, lack of health facilities crime and violence illiteracy, female infanticide, etc.

2.     Stories and discussions about the wrong practices of village heads and money lenders have attracted the attention of the government as well as the public. 

Q.5 Do you think Indian media is free? Justify your answer.

Ans. Indian media is free. But sometimes, the government can ban the media from broadcasting and publishing certain items to protect the interest of our country or some religions /cultural group. This is known as censorship.

Class 6

Chapter 22 Democracy and Government

Ques 1 What is the most positive attitude in a conflicting situation?

Ans 1 In a conflicting situation the positive attitude of ‘live and let live’ is the best course to amicably settle the disputes and solve the problem.

Ques 2 Mention an outcome of a conflicting situation ?

Ans 2 An outcome of a conflicting situation leads to misunderstanding, rigid stands and clashes.

Ques 3 Who organizes supervises and controls activities around us?

Ans3 the government at different levels organizes supervises and controls activities around us.

Ques 4 What is the outcome of tolerance and self discipline?

Ans 4 Harmony and balance is the outcome of tolerance and self discipline.

Ques5 Give examples of any two elected representatives of the people at various levels of government?

Ans 5 National Level – 1) Prime minister Mr. Narender Modi

-       2) Cabinet minister Mr. Arun Jaitely ( finance and defence minister)

State Level – 1) Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Yogi Adtiya Nath

-       2) Chief minister of Madhya Pradesh  Shiv raj Chauhan  

Village Level –  Chaavi Rajawat (village Soda, Rajasthan)

Ques 6 State three points on the right which forms basis of democratic  government?

Ans 6 1) Right to vote forms the very basis of democratic governments at various levels in India.

2) Participation of the people in the election process of the country at various levels is based on Universal Adult Franchise which means all the citizens of India who are 18 years of age and above are eligible to cast their vote irrespective of caste, colour, religion or language.

3) Right to vote and  to elect representatives is given to all adults without any discrimination.

Ques 7 Whose view should be accepted when so many people are involved in taking a decision and why?

Ans 7.  When a large number of people are involved in decision making The opinion of majority is accepted but the opion of minority is also respected.

Ques 8 Why did India opt for representative Democracy? Explain

Ans 8. In a vast country like India, it is difficult to devise a method for the direct participation of the people in the governance of the country. Therefore representative democracy has been adopted in india.

Under this system people elect their representatives who govern on their behalf. This means India is indirectly governed by the people through their elected representatives like Panches, Municipal councilors , members of legislatives assemblies or members of the parliament

Ques 9. Mention any five advantages of a democratic set up?

                                    OR

                 Write any five goals of democracy?

Ans 9. 1) Democracy aims at Social, Economic  and Political Equality

2) Democracy maintains harmony and balance in the society.

3) Democracy roots out authoritarianism and dictatorship.

4) Democracy inculcates the habit of obeying the rules and regulations of the state.

5) It helps in maintain peace.

Ques 10. How do people guard their own rights and freedom granted to them by the constitution? Explain

Ans 10. 1) The people guard their own rights and freedom granted to them by the constitution by participating in the process of elections.

2) People also closely watch the activities of various departments of the government and criticize also if required.

Value based question

Ques1 Why should we pay tax honestly and regularly?

Ans 1 We should pay taxes honestly and regularly for the following reasons:

          1)For the welfare of the citizens and development of the country.

       2)   For the development of infrastructure like roads, markets, bridges, national highways, schools, dispensaries.

      3)  It spreads up the loan application process.

Class 6

Chapter 11 The Iron age civilization

Ques 1 What were the main inventions of Greek civilization?

Ans 1 The people calculated the circumference of the earth drew maps of the world and played Olympic Games.

Ques 2 Name the gods that were worshipped by the Romans?

Ans  2 Romans worshipped goddess – Vesta, Venus and gods Jupiter, Mars, Mercury and Juno.

Ques 3 Name the four Vedas?

Ans 3 The four Vedas are

1.     Rig Veda
2.       Sam Veda
3.       Yajur Veda
4.        Atharva Veda

Ques 4 Give examples to prove that Vedic Civilisation was quite advanced?

Ans 4 1) The Aryans could foretell solar and lunar eclipses.

2) They knew movement of the earth on its own axis, around the sun and movement of moon around the earth.

Ques 5 Mention the main occupations of the people of Iranian civilization?

Ans 5 Trading, Ship building, Craft – Silk weaving, pottery, metal work and gem cutting, were the main occupations of the Iranian civilization.

Ques 6 What was the political conditions of the country under Aryans?

Ans 6 1) The country under Aryans was formed of a number of small and big kingdom. Kingship was hereditary.

2) King of a small kingdom was called a Rja. A samrat or Maharja controlled a large kingdom.

3) The king was assisted by Priest, Minister, Comander of Army and Headmen of village.

4) The king consulted sabha and samiti on all important matters.

5) Kings performed Rajasuya and Ashvamedha Yajans to gain supreme power and for declaring his power over a vast country.

Ques 7 What was the condition of women in the early Vedic Period?

Ans 7 1) Women held a respectable position in the Early Vedic Period.   

2) They were educated.

3) Women like Apala and Gosha even composed hymns.

4) The participation of wife was essential in all the religious ceremonies.

5) The social evils like sati pratha child marriage were unknown in the early Vedic period.

Ques 8. Explain the Varna system. What change did it undergo during the later Vedic period?

Ans 8 The society was divided into four Varna namely –

•     Brahimns – They looked after the religious matters.
•     Kshatriyas- They protected the people from internal and external harm.
•    Vaishyas- They were the cultivators and craftsmen.
•     Shudras – They were the labourers who served the above three classes.
• 
  

The people of different varna had the freedom to intermingle, marry or change their occupation. But in later vedic period the varna system became hereditary and very rigid. No one could change the occupation or the varna.   

Ques 9 List the achievements of the Aryans in the field of science and mathematics?

Ans 9 A great progress was achieved in the field of science and Maths

Science

1  1)  The Aryans knew the use of iron. They used it for making stronger tools and weapons.

    

    2)   Craftsmen like carpenters, blacksmith and tanners were able to develop their crafts with better tools.

        3)  Aryans used axe for clearing jungles and spreading agriculture. Iron weapons like spearheads, swords and shield helped in conquering new territories.

Mathematics

1)  Mathematics also known as Ganita included arithmetic, geometry and algebra.

2)  The vedic people had the knowledge of zero. They also knew the decimal system, cube, cube root, square root, under root etc.

3)  Astronomy was the favourite subject of Aryans. The Aryans can foretell solar and lunar eclipses.

Ques 10. List the occupations of the Aryans?

Ans 10. 1) Agriculture was the main occupation of the Aryans. They grew wheat, rice Barely etc.

2) The Aryans were involved in many occupations like Pottery, weaving, Carpentry, jewellery making etc.

3) Aryans were expert traders. Trade was mainly carried on land.